![]() The Maricopa are part of the larger Yuma people but, in the early 1800s, when they became rivals with other Yuma tribes, they migrated east from the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers, settling among the Akimel O’odham’s established groups. They joined forces with the Maricopa to defend themselves from the Yuma and Apache tribes. Bread, beans, and squash were grown for food, as well as cotton and tobacco. They lived in small villages with well-defined irrigation systems that stretched from Florence in the east to the Estrellas in the west along the Gila River Valley. The Akimel O’odham were the most populous tribe in the area. Following the Hohokam’s departure, the Akimel O’odham (also known as Pima), Tohono O’odham, and Maricopa tribes, as well as Yavapai and Apache segments, began to use the area. Drought and heavy floods are thought to have caused the Hohokam civilization to leave the region between 13. They also traded extensively with the nearby Ancient Puebloans, Mogollon, and Sinagua, as well as with the more distant Mesoamerican civilizations. They dug about 135 miles (217 kilometers) of irrigation canals to make the desert land arable, and the Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal, and Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct all followed in the footsteps of these canals. Until after World War II, when high-tech firms started to flood into the valley and air conditioning made Phoenix’s hot summers more bearable, these remained the city’s driving forces.įor over 2,000 years, the Hohokam people lived in Phoenix. The “Five C’s” that anchored Phoenix’s economy were cotton, cattle, citrus, environment, and copper. It is located in the Sonoran Desert’s northeastern reaches and has a hot desert climate. In 1889, it was designated as the capital of Arizona Territory. Phoenix was established as an agricultural community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers in 1867, and it became a city in 1881.
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